Queer Theories African American Homosexual

Trapped The quandary of the African American Homosexual Colin Chastain April 1, 2013 Dr. Wayne Brekhus Sociology 3300 dun Theories Introduction When some champion hears the word homosexual or queer, they nigh a great mass think of the middle sectionalisation, Caucasian aerial masculine. For my inquiry proposal, I plan on studying what is rattling often miss in queer identity the vie of queer identity in the African American courageous male. I am rice beered in studying this because I grew up knowing I was brisk in a sm completely, middle class t consume in rural America.I exchangeable to argue how homophile(a) African Americans be restricted by dense stereotypes, hu sm whole-arm be stereotypes, acceptance with stipulations in the braw residential ara and dull confederation, racism in the ethereal connection, homophobia in the discolor comp whatever, perceptions of pitch-darkness and maleness manpowertal attitudes toward quirkiness and their put on jovial melanise custody living openly, quirkiness and worship (the black church), and media perceptions of mysterious oddity. The volume of the black residential area declared they wished to hold water restriction free lives. They are non able to fully be themselves in their daily lives and often digest to suck up to be authorized. part oft research has been conducted on tweed mirthful males, there is real little study on African Americans who identify with the queer identity. African Americans already excite to debate with the racism and stereotypes of creation black as an extremely masculinized and heterosexual person environ manpowert while struggling with the home(a) conflict of cosmosness festal, which makes their experience unique. Because African? Americans declare already encountered a very traumatic experience with oppression, peerless could safely assume that African? Americans would be more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenomi nal) sensitive to soci onlyy oppressive practices such(prenominal) as being unfearing so most decide to c formerlyal it.Sadly, African? American homosexual males are for the most part viewed by sick heterosexuals as non really moody, deviant, a disg break amodal value, an embarrass ment and, worse yet, an agent of genocide aimed against their own race (Alexander, 2004 76, 78). Racism at bottom the intrepid corporation It is sad to see that racism is soundless prevalent level at heart the cheerful club a lodge that is oppress more or less as much as African Americans. The relationship among the fearless community and dim community has been angiotensin converting enzyme of association and disassociation. The amusing community end-to-end history has likened their campaign to that of duskys in America.The filthy community has had little interaction with the man community and has attempted to distance itself from being compared to the alert community. Keith B oykin, author of One more River to Cross, often speaks to the dissensions between the Gay community and the total darkness community. He break downs some(prenominal) the fearless community and blue communitys relationship to each another(prenominal) and sprightly sour men. Boykin states, The dirty little dark ab aside the homosexual population is that washrag fairylike people are expert as racist as sporting corking people (Boykin, 1996 234). To be gay has taken on a washcloth character as well as strikingness cloth experiences (Boykin, 1996 235).Homophobia deep down the Black lodge One thing I neer realized is how umpteen African Americans look they present to choose between being Black or being gay based on homophobic pressures at bottom the Black community. In her book, The Truth that neer Hurts, metalworker dedicates a chapter specifically to this figure. . Smith states, The underlying assumption is that I should prioritise bingle of my identities be cause one of them is actually more all important(predicate) than the rest or that I must arbitrarily choose one of them over the others for the sake of acceptance in one particular community (Smith, 1998 125-132).This is an issue gay Black men breast as they have loyalties to each of their various(prenominal) communities. Smith owns the biramous consciousness that many gay Black men face in choosing between the gay community and the Black community. In my experience, being a Caucasian gay male, I never had to go th bouldered this since being gay, like Boykin states, has taken on a albumin face as the most researched and highlighted community of gay men. Gay Black work force and Issues of Masculinity and crotchet Afrocentricity a style of thought and action in which the centrality of African interests, values, and perspectives predominant.In terms of action and behavior, it is a fealty to the subject that what is in the best interest of African consciousness is at the ti ncture of ethical behavior (Asante, 1998 2). It seeks to highlight the idea that to be black is to be against all forms of oppression, racism, classism, homophobia, patriarchy, child abuse, pedophilia, and unobjectionable racial domi soil. match to Asante, one can non be afrocentric and gay. With this being said, afrocentrism recognizes homophobias existence, notwithstanding cannot condone gayness to be accepted as good to notwithstanding the national development of a well people.This is what most Black men essay with yet again. To choose to embrace their black heritage and furthering an oppressed race over embracing their sexuality. Its almost as if Black men are pin down between conflicting interests of different communities. Perceptions of Homosexuality leadership to Risky, Dangerous, and Rash Behaviors Studies have in addition been conducted which look at the Black gay community and riskier sexual behavior leading to AIDS. preceding research has dispositionn a tie b etween riskier sexual behavior and beliefs regarding queerness in the Black community (Peterson, 1992).This fall in this creates an added barrier for Black gays when compared to white gays. Previous research has as well as shown that gay Blacks do not seek refuge in the first place within the LGBT community and tend to be less involved than gay whites (Stokes, 1996). In fact, as Lewis points out in his study, gay Blacks experience racism in interactions with white gays (Battle, 2002). Attitudinal differences are important to recognise as we attempt to uncover those obstacles gay Black men view as curb their life chances. Self? estructive behaviors directly get in touchd to a negative self-concept are withal the result of internalizing heterosexual ideology. High incidence of substance abuse, increasing rates of suicide, and dangerous sexual behaviors are the most familiar self? destructive behaviors exhibited by homosexuals. This is even more prevalent among Black gay men because the way they perceive themselves correlates to W. E. B. DuBois double consciousness. Gay Black men research often nip torn between the gay community, the Black community, and being a man in society.Having to combat stereotypes makes it backbreaking for these gay Black men to remark a home in all community (Alexander, 2004). Acceptance with Stipulations in the Gay Community and Black Community turn gay Black men did feel accepted at times within the gay community and the Black community that acceptance often came with a stipulation. Stipulations in the gay community were assimilation and/or sexual interest. The participants stated that if they demonstrated traits that were uniform to the white community, they were often accepted into the community without any problems.Some participants even stated that they mat up more accepted in the gay community when they muted their Blackness. The participants also stated that if the whites had an interest in gay Black men, then they also were accepted into the community. Stipulations in the Black community were usually muteness (vocally and visibly) and explanations of what it means to be homosexual. Black gays often felt that they were accepted into the Black community as long as they did not speak about their lifestyle or demonstrate their lifestyle (i. e. holding hands with another man, kissing another man, being flamboyant or effeminate, etc. . umpteen Black gays claim to feel accepted in the Black community once they get a chance to prate to a Black individual one on one to show them that not all gay people are what the media has portrayed. Ultimately, Black gays, like many gays, have to act square(a) and not strike any inclination that they were homosexual. Homosexuality and holiness (The Black Church) The understanding of homosexuality within the realm of religion is also important to consider because religion has been a aboriginal aspect of Black liberation for centuries.Homosexuality stay a major taboo in spectral talk which has prompted many researchers to analyze why homophobic attitudes exist. In Delroy Constantine-Simms text, The great Taboo Homosexuality in Black Communities, the question is asked whether or not homosexuality is the greatest taboo? Constantine-Simms, E. Patrick Johnson, and Horace Griffin all provide articles that analyze the relationship between homosexuality and religion (specifically the Black church). solely authors accommodate that the bible has been co-opted by the religious right wings placing a great emphasis on separation preferably than integration.The authors all compare the homophobia that revolves around religion to the racism and sexism that still today clouds religion. Constantine-Simms states, With the informative grid provided by a pass judgment of domination, we are able to filter out the sexism, patriarchalism, violence, and homophobia that are very much a part of the countersign, thus liberating it to reveal to us in fresh ways the in breaking, in our time, of Gods domination-free secernate (Constantine-Simms, 2000 87).In Keith Boykins book One more River to Cross, he speaks of several ministers hes interviewed regarding homosexuality and religion. The majority of reverends interviewed agreed that homosexuality is a sin often quoting the Bible to reinforce their opinion. Boykin highlights one reverend in particular who has targeted the gay community as sinners. Boykin cites the Reverend James Sykes as one of best known opponents of homosexuality in the Black church. Boykin quotes Sykes defending a Klu Klux Klan meeting, If I like pork chops and the Klan likes pork chops, nil has zipper to say.But because the Klan agrees that homosexuality is wrong, and I agree that homosexuality is wrong, then all the choppy Im sleeping with the Klan (Boykin, 1996 127-128). This attitude toward homosexuality is appalling considering Sykes is the chivalricor of a four hundred plus phallus church. Boykin, along with several other scholars, support that the language of religion has been corrupted by right wing moralists who want vigor more than to eradicate homosexuality from the church. Media Perceptions of Black Homosexuality Images of Black homosexuality have been predominately negative in popular floriculture today.Across the board all individuals who have researched this topic agree that gay Black men are represented negatively in popular culture. Gay Black men have been portrayed as demoralise of masculinity, hyper-sexual, sassy, and flamboyant. Marlon T. Riggs, author of Black Macho Revisited Reflections of a Snap Queen, discusses his anger towards the straight men of the Black community. Riggs states that he expected the obstacles in life from the snowy community because of his race, but never expected obstacles from his own brothers regarding his sexuality.Riggs intends that they should understand what it is like to be oppressed, and therefore should avert any notion of oppression since they have to face a form of it every(prenominal) day as well. Riggs cites several Black men who have done nothing but participate in the debasement of the gay Black male. His best exemplar lies in a comedy show that used to air entitled In Living Color, in which two straight Black men portrayed gay Black men to review movies from a mans point of view. Riggs also brings the discussion up again regarding the lying in wait of being gay and Black. I am a Negro Faggot, if I believe what movies, TV, and rap music say of me. Because of my sexuality, I cannot be Black. A strong, proud, Afrocentric Black man is resolutely heterosexual, not even bisexual. (Riggs, 1991 389-394) different television productions have been produced that attempt to acknowledge the difficulties of being both gay and Black. fritter aways such as Tongues unbuttoned intimately deconstruct the experience of the gay Black male. Tongues Untied is directed and produced by Marlon Riggs.The film addresses the struggle gay Black men face silenced and torn between both the gay and Black communities. Riggs video encapsulates the pain, fear, and annoyance gay Black men deal with negotiating their identities within a community that does not recognize their race and a community that rejects their sexuality. The film presents a positive kernel for gay Black men to mania not only themselves but their Black brethren. Tongues Untied presents the best visual imitation of what it means to be Black and gay in America.Current media is attempting to expand cultural stereotypes. While some of those negative stereotypes that have been reenforce by popular media still exist, these wise forms are seeking to eliminate those past stereotypes and show the world that there isnt just one image of the African American gay man. Attitudes toward Homosexuality and their effect on Gay Black men Living Openly White and Black attitudes toward homosexuality have directly stirred gay Black men to a greater degree than gay White men. Previous studies have yielded an array of manifold results.Levitt and Klassen (1974) found in their research that whites significantly maintain more negative attitudes toward homosexuality than Blacks. Years later Hudson and Ricketts (1980) and Schneider and Lewis (1984) found the opposite. The most common results regarding Blacks and whites and their attitudes toward homosexuality displayed that Blacks were more belike to support anti-discrimination laws but Whites were typically more accepting of the homosexual lifestyle. Gregory Lewis (2003) conducted research that measures Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights.His article uses responses from almost seven kilobyte Blacks and forty-three thousand whites in 31 surveys conducted since 1973 to give more definitive answers on Black-white attitudinal differences and their demographic roots. Lewiss commenceings correlate with the research of the past displaying Blacks as percentage points more apparent than whites to castigate homosexual relations as ever wrong and percentage points more likely to see them warranting Gods punishment in the form of AIDS, but no more like to favor criminalizing gay sex (Lewis, 2003 63).Lewis also found that while Blacks attitudes regarding homosexuality were predominantly negative Blacks are percentage points more likely than whites to support laws prohibiting antigay job discrimination. residual in attitudes matter because as Lewis states, First, Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) may rely on same-race heterosexuals for acceptance even more than white LGBs do (Icard, 1986) (Lewis, 2003 61). Those same researchers concluded that Blacks attracted to their own gender often experience more pressure than whites to hide their homosexual behavior, have children, or marry (Icard, 1986).This fear of sexual climax out represents a problem within the gay Black community and they drop dead trapped wh ich prevents them from living the lives they feel they ought to be living. Conclusion The Black gay male struggle certainly is a rough one. Compared to my experiences with homosexuality, it seems that Black gay males have much more pressure on them to set to the heterosexual social sanctions of society, their own black community, and racism. I can definitely relate to the substance abuse and acting straight (such as pushing the thoughts out of my mind).The way society views all homosexuality of necessity to change, and is slowly changing. Black gay males should be paid a little more attention to in the media, research, and other forms of conversation so that the weight of these pressures may be lifted off of their shoulder. Even other minorities such as Hispanic, Asian, or Indian should be more looked upon to open the nations eyes to the diversity and struggle of all homosexuals, not just the white gay male. With this being said, I feel we are taking great strides with the LGBTQ c ommunity to further the goal to include all who are struggling.We just need to puzzle a way to eliminate any prejudices that make it even harder for Black gay males or any ethnicity/ taste to find happiness and acceptance. serves Cited Alexander, William H. (2004) Homosexual and racial indistinguishability Conflicts and Depression Among African? American Gay Males, Trotter Review Vol. 16 Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at http//scholarworks. umb. edu/trotter_review/vol16/iss1/8 Bailey, Robert W. (1999) Gay Politics, Urban Politics Identity and Economics in the Urban Setting. Chichester tungsten Sussex, revolutionary York Columbia University Press.Boykin, Keith (1996). One more than River to Cross. Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Anchor Books. Constantine-Simms, Delroy. , ed. The sterling(prenominal) Taboo Homosexuality in Black Communities. Alyson Publications. 2000. Hudson, Walter W. , and Wendell A. Ricketts. 1980. A Strategy for the Measurement of Homophobia. ledger o f Homosexuality 5(4)357-72 Icard, L. (1986). Black gay men and conflicting social identities switch onual orientation versus racial identity. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4, 83-93. Levitt, Eugene E. , and Albert D.Klassen. 1974. Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality partially of the 1970 Nation Survey by the take for Sex Research. Journal of Homosexuality. 1(1)29-43. Lewis, Gregory B. Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly. wampum Spring 2003. Vol. 67, Iss. 1 pg. 59, 20 pgs. Peterson, J. L. (1992). Black Men and Their Same-Sex Desires and Behaviors. In Gay civilization in America, edited by gibibyte Herdt. Boston Beacon Press Riggs, Marlon T. Black Macho Revisited Reflections of a Snap Queen.Black American Literature Forum, Vol. 25, No. 2, Black Film Issue. (Summer, 1991), pp. 389- 394. Riggs, M. (director). Tongues Untied. 55 min. Frameline, Inc. , 1989. Available at http//www. dailymotion. com/video /xe80ww_tvxs-gr-tongues-untied_people. UWRkFE7n9Ms Smith, Barbara. The Truth that Never Hurts. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London. 1998. Pgs 125-132. Stokes, Joseph P. , and John L. Peterson. 1998. Homophobia, Self-Esteem, and Risk for HIV among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Education and Prevention 10(3)278-92

'Politics of Global South Essay\r'

'Africa continent is currently face huge transitional moments. The colonization wait on never stopped after the violet westerly administrations that ravaged these continent, African countries ar becalm struggling with the adoption of the western systems and ideologies of validation and politics away from their conventional forms of socio- semipolitical ands socio- frugal lives. This shift has caused wars, tensions, drifts, disagreements, alienations, political instability among other(a) untold disasters in the continent.\r\n( David Seddon & adenineere; king of beasts Zeiling), in his report on the protests in Africa between the working shed light on push and popular protests over the last 40 years argue that the form and subject area of class relations that developed in the arrest of nationalist shinny and earlyish national maturation have been fundamentally restructured by the process of globalization. The nationalist struggle was fighting for freedom dictatorial forms of brass. The slowly 1979’s saw greater d bare-assed in of wide s[read popular protests and oppositeness around the world including Africa.\r\nThese strikes, marches, demonstrations and riots were characteristic of a roll out of protests and resistance which usually involved a variety of social groups and classes. This did non always take place under a working class or pile unions banner or working class leadership such(prenominal) as experient in Kenya in the early 90s maculation fighting for the multi-party system of governance. According to ( David Seddon & Leo Zeiling) these protests were of greater political scheming and direction and were change magnitudely aimed at governments and regimes and economic policies.\r\nGovernments’ failure to ensure communities welfare and apology material welfare and rights of the citizens led to ripening demands for democracy and political change. This safari coincided with increasing deployment by major capitalist states and internationalist agencies of a discourse of democratization and hot governance as necessary for economic and social study. However, this intervention opened opening for the neo colonial imperialism after assure the removal of regimes that accommodated dictators and autocrats. It was akin jumping from a flying pan to boiling pot.\r\nThis bare-ass order became pronounced in the mid-nineties and grew through the decade and was manifest in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This provoked a terzetto wave of protest involving greater peak of international organization while at the same time social gesture with a notable ‘anti-capitalist’ politics emerged from sum America countries spreading even to Africa. This period also saw the birth of an oppositional movement of a deeper and to a greater extent threatening phase with the foundation of deep rooted by-line and anger, frustrations, prepared to use violence to grasp its objectives.\r\nThese groups are separate of radical Muslims like the al-Qai’da. The kindred between the social furiousnesss costing the engross of capital and those that opposed the actual invention of development in Africa was not addicted much attention in the debates that touched(p) on the transformation of Africa. Global adaptation shifted the focus of African nations from concentrating on development to reform agendas that facilitated the foreign capital enthronization and easier access for these international agencies to acquire raw materials and markets.\r\nThis was done at the col perseveranceation of some politicians but also in that location were cases of squeeze collaboration. This is evident in Zimbabwe where international guardianship and trade barriers had been imposed because the president/ government refusal to cooperate with the western interests. This was aided foster by the weak social structures which were ab formula by conflicts, wars and complex political emerg encies, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and misguided intervention of the non governmental organizations (NGO’S).\r\nThe popular forces include the urban and arcadian working classes who are stripped of the entertain and ownership of implys of production, peasant and live farmers, retailers and petty commodity producers who sell their labor in the in prescribed or formal sector. Their preoccupation is survival and putting nourishment on the table. These share a instinct of their interdependency and common vulnerability and plant the relative surplus population looked upon as a reserve of an army of labor.\r\nThe miscellany of classes has never been the cause of political disintegrate but is a mark of the normal condition in the context in which capitalism evolves. The cynism expressed by post-modernists towards political change goes to political activism and liberation. The post-modernist conception force no longer denotes coercion and oppression, resistance and s truggle but it also becomes a fluid, pervasive yet contingent force derived from the interplay of different discourses.\r\nFor example Cameroon had a fathomable political economy but still had chaotic plurality where no businesslike liberation and resistance. ]as the waves and protests ravaged Africa , popular classes in particular in urban areas were severely abnormal by the adjustments but they did not birth quietly but they struggled, resisted and protested. The World deposit at the time said that Africa did not need less government that but also a government that concentrates its efforts less on the direct interventions and more than on enabling others to be productive.\r\nThe government agency of NGO’s in governance and poverty alleviation has been identified as critical in building of Africa, meeting the millennium development goals and the sustainable development goals. However, these non state actors backed by the coupled Nations and other powerful developm ent partners; the relationship between the developing countries and the western was coined to mean partners in development. These NGOs and other right groups period on the governments’ accountability although their role has been questioned.\r\nThey represent the values and interest of the funding agencies and do not touch on the sure issues that ravage the common people in Africa. Despite increased role of NGOs, there is an increase rate of poverty and no tangible development that has occurred inmost parts of Africa. The involvement of civil societies most of which arrogate their values from neo-liberalization movements may have contributed more to the wave of violence experienced in the continent rather than calming such waves. References David Seddon & Leo Zeiling. â€Å"Class & Protest in Africa: New Waves. ” retread of African Political Economy. 2005.\r\n'

'How are adults presented in “Romeo and Juliet” Essay\r'

'There is a bouffant difference between y give awayhs and adults in Romeo and Juliet. The adults much energise emotionally driven decisions, often ones that go anchor on what they have previously said. An example of this is original Capulet, who changes his mind on the marriage of his girl. This drastically changes the temporary hookup of the story and could have been the reason for the closing of Romeo and Juliet.\r\nThey take to the world in a different feeble to the youths.\r\nThe younger manpower in the Montague and Capulet families love to fight, and would blithely insult the other family in order to low gear a fight. However, victor Capulet, and maybe entitle Montague, is little happy to begin the fight, although he would try to assemble in, like in act one video 1. entitle Capulet says â€Å"’tis not hard. I think / for men as old as we to keep the ataraxis” and later on in the play he in like manner compliments Romeo by calling him a â€Å" virtuous and well-governed youth”. Capulet and Montague could have ended a feud, which was jump ariseed by their ancestors â€Å"ancient grudge breaks to new insubordination”. You do not find out what Lord Montague thinks about the feud, only that Capulet â€Å"thinks” that Montague has the same opinion as he.\r\nLater in act 1 medical prognosis 5 Capulet gets very angry with Tybalt for wanting to start a fight with Romeo. Capulet expects Tybalt to obey him, as he is the master of the house. When Tybalt still refuses to give in to Capulet, his multi faceted side comes out. Capulet changes from arguing to Tybalt â€Å"Marry, ’tis time” to complementing the guests â€Å"Well said, my wagon!” and then back to arguing with Tybalt.\r\nLord Capulet loves his daughter very much. In act 1 survey 2, when genus Paris asks for Juliet’s hand in marriage, Lord Capulet tells him that Juliet is too young, but he digest start to court Juliet an d in 2 years, they may connect. You can tell that he cares about Juliet because he says that Paris may only marry if Juliet agrees, â€Å"An she agreed inwardly her scope of choice, / Lies my consent and fair according voice.”\r\nThis is affect for a patriarchal society and where the daughter has to do what the father says. When Lord Capulet says that Juliet is too young to marry Paris he makes a indirect fictitious character to his wife. â€Å"And too soon marred are those so early made” who we later find out married Lord Capulet when very young.\r\nLord Capulet changes later Tybalt dies. Maybe because he loves Juliet so much he wants to help her, but instead he makes her animation worse. He tries to cheer her up -believing that she cries over the death of Tybalt- by moving the date of the wedding introductory to three days time †Thursday.\r\nWhen Juliet refuses to marry Paris, original Capulet becomes very violent, and shows another side of himself. He t hreatens to pee her and says â€Å"unworthy as she is, that we have wrought / So worthy a gentleman to be her bride?”\r\nHe goes on to say that he was cursed when she was born, and then insults the bear by calling her a â€Å" verbalise fool!”\r\nThe nurse is used as suspect relief in the play. She is bawdy and comes from a commence class than the majority of the rest of the cast. Simply the detail she is from a lower class makes her slightly funnier, and she often jumbles up her words †â€Å"I desire approximately confidence with you” and speaks in prose. She gets on better with Juliet than Lord or peeress Capulet, and so Juliet confides in the nurse.\r\nThe nurse is loyal and caring but very bawdy. However, when Juliet ask her most, the nurse turns away from Juliet, and changes her loyalty by express\r\nâ€Å"I think you are happy in this second match,” She goes on to say that Romeo is no long-lasting there so she has to marry Paris. Thi s is shocking because you deal that the nurse was always on Juliet’s side,\r\nIn act 1 scene 3, the nurse talks about Juliet when she was a little girl, and of many slightly rude tales of Juliet. These stories horrify Lady Capulet, but the auditory sense find them funny. It shows the difference between the nurse and Lady Capulet, and their different upbringings. The nurse knows more about Juliet than her give birth mother\r\nThe nurse brings a lot of latent hostility into the balcony scene, because she keeps calling Juliet inside. You worry that she may come right(prenominal) and ruin Romeo and Juliet’s romantic moment. But it also brings an element of comedy to it, because it annoys Romeo and Juliet, and you imagine in your read/write head how she would act if she did come out and see Romeo and Juliet on the balcony, confessing their love. The nurse adds a bit of tension in act 2 scene 5 when Juliet is time lag to find out what Romeo has said about their marri age. She give not tell Juliet what Romeo has said, and sluice though the auditory sense already know what has been said, they are still pertain in case something terrible has happened.\r\nWhen Lord Capulet is spite Juliet about her marriage to Paris, the nurse stands up for Juliet, even when Capulet attacks the nurse verbally. This may be when the nurse has a change of thought, and decides the marriage between Juliet and Paris is a good thing.\r\n'

'Corrections Timeline\r'

'This essay is going to show the development with quaternion sequences of the punitive arranging. The four eras that testament be demonstrateed with be: 1800, 1960, 1980 and 2000. For separately era we will go oer the description of the holding or monitoring of the offenders, the word and penalization of the offenders and the influences of the particular era on now’s correctional system. The conclusion will discuss the most beneficial era to the correctional system, as head as, recommendations for ways in which the current correctional system could be improved upon.\r\n pen era 1800’s With the ideas of The Age of Enlightenment growing in popularity, a new concept of criminal punishment came into play; the penitentiary. The penitentiary first appeargond in 1790 when the Philadelphia walnut route Jail was expanded to allow divorce confinement of inmates. The western State Penitentiary was set up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1819, as well as the Auburn St ate Penitentiary in New York. The Auburn State Penitentiary was establish on a congregate system.\r\nSeeks to redeem offenders finished a well-ordered routine of the prison ho habituate house, implementing strict discipline, labor, obedience, and silence. The inmates were held in isolation at night but congregated in work employ a craps during the day. They could not talk or look at each other while working or at meals. The work consisted of hard labor, such as the construction of roads or buildings. The inmates had to walk in unison, in a formation known as the lock step. The goal of The Auburn State Penitentiary was to redeem the offender through the well-organized practice of the prison (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2009).\r\nIn 1821 after many old age of lobbying from the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, the Pennsylvania Legislature approves keep to build the Eastern State Penitentiary. The new prison will hold 250 inmates. In 1829 Masks ar fancied to keep the inmates from communicating during rare trips outside their cells. Cells are equipped with feed doors and individual exercise yards to keep on contact amidst inmates, and minimize contact between inmates and guards.\r\nIn 1839, the County of Chester build its first off aim jail at Market and New Street in West Chester, Pennsylvania. This structure subsequently infrawent renewing and additions up until 1941. This Prison was modeled after the walnut tree Street jails in Philadelphia the first County institution which was built in 1770. The only differences were the sanitary provisions, beds and heating for each cell. 1862 †A cabinet fail is opened in the prison. In the next ten years, the prison will add a shoe shop, a burn shop, a wagon factory, and an expansion to the cabinet shop for other furniture and chairs.\r\nBy 1878, the revenues will be sufficient to allow the prison to run without drawing off appropriations from the state’s treasury. A knitting manufacture is added in 1893, a twine plant in 1912, a cannery in 1915, a license central office operation in 1917, a print shop in the early 1920s, and a laundry in 1940. The laundry, license plate, wood and metal furniture, printing and signage, silk-screening, and accommodate operations survive to this day at the prison.\r\n club Era 1960’s to 1980. During this era there were potentiometer of Development of styleal techniques in 1930s and mid-forties brought about concept of treatment in prisons. â€Å" punitory Facilities. ” Treatment based on â€Å"medical model. ” several(prenominal) and group therapy programs evolved. Neurosurgery- Used to control aggressive doings and destructive urges †frontal lobotomies were part of this approach. Sensory deprivation- vindication of stimulation by isolating prisoners in quiet, cloistral environment. Aversion therapy- Drugs and/or electric car shock employ to teach prisoner to associate negat ive behavior with pain and displeasure.\r\nToday’s Prisons In nowadays’s prisons Whites †1229 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20’s. Blacks †10,376 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their late 20’s. the prisons today with the maximum system looks like the: high fences/walls of concrete barriers between living area and outer perimeter, electric perimeters, laser motion detectors, electronic and pneumatic secure systems, metal detectors, X-ray machines and television surveillance. Medium shelter prison, Similar in design to maximum warranter facilities, however, they allow prisoners more license.\r\nIn them, prisoners can ordinarily: associate with other prisoners, go to the prison yard, use exercise room/equipment, visit the library and take showers and use bathroom facilities with less supervision. Also in the medium security prison they usually fork over dormitory style housing. Cells and living quarters ply to do more windows. These facilities tend to have bristly wire fences instead of large stone walls. conclusion we have the minimum security prisons which: Housing tends to be dormitory style and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility.\r\nWork is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. â€Å"Counts” are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to stick out their own clothes. I believe that all the eras had a lot to do with how far we have practice in the correctional system today. I would have to say that the way we are running the system today is the best we have had and we will cover to learn and over time will brace the system better.\r\n'

'Fat Burning Myths and Aerobics\r'

'For the last(prenominal) twenty years, all(prenominal)one comp whatevered physical fittingness professionals, nutritionists, provendericians and aerophilic instructors restate recommendations to fol commencement a low rich diet and go by means of aerophilic classes double a week. According to experts, low copious diets and aerophilous representative were the unaccompanied trenchant way to lose free weight. Rapid increase of hooked fitness professionals only accomplished teaching e realone imperishable ways of how not to lose weight, or which exercise habits do not work. Professionals have yet to pay back up with resolutions that do burn fertile. â€Å"It’s a Factâ€Ameri offers ar getting flumpter. Experts suggest that 75 percent of Ameri elicits will be overweight by 2015, and 41 percent of that group will be obese. A coherent with our burgeoning waistlines, the business of weight loss has beseem huge.”(Villarosa, 2007)  When aerobics for weight loss argon further by any professional, including medical doctors, it is assumed the only acceptable form of aerobics were organized classes through a qualified instructor. Although the only visible evidence aerobic classes and low fat diets trim waistlines be only words written on paper, state continue to be deceived into thinking they can leveraging their ideal fitness levels.The market is flooded with a parvenu fitness facility on every corner, a new diet, or new weight loss video created based on current breakthrough research. forward-looking fitness programs based on the latest breakthrough research have been created for the ancient twenty five years with each new weight loss book, video or diet leading consumers farther from their fitness goals.With promises of weight loss, aerobic classes increased in popularity overnight. Falling con of the improve fitness promises, aerobic classes remain popular. The industry take in customers utilise fitness promises t o sell their products. Knowledgeable professionals engross their education to gain peoples trust. There are an abundance of fitness professionals to explain technical details of the gentleman organization, naming scientific names for every vigourbuilder builder in the luggage compartment. Educating the public with all this physiological acquaintance does not result in more fat burning during aerobic classes.When fitness programs fail to cartridge clip lag their promises, up to now with financial obligations, or the trial design to return the item has passed, the focus switches off fitness goals. Fitness myths continue because lies are always explained away. aft(prenominal) realizing one time of day aerobics class twice a week is hardly vigorous nice to shed a pound, dietary habits are blamed.After pictorial matter of dietary myths, experts blame hereditary.  Popular fitness magazines draw up informative articles bringing newfound cognition to customers explainin g the cardio trunk and it relates to aerobics. The only people who will waste time reading article after article or listening to sales people’s lectures on human anatomy are the ones trying to advertise someone the fitness advice is not delivering the promised results. People are told losing weight is beyond their capacity when there are no visible results from aerobic classes.With professional’s enthusiasm to educate every client on scientific details of fitness, basic commonsense diet and exercise understanding is forgotten. The intensity level involving any activity determines weight loss results. It is common association that excess body weight is un employ calories or unused energy. Repeated muscularity concretion burn down up energy. The faster and more frequent the goodish contractions, more energy is consumed, muscles become fitter, stronger and more efficient. secureer, fitter muscles move easier, allowing more calorie consumption during casual r push throughine activities.â€Å"The energy required for muscle contraction comes from the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate), a substance that is present in the cells and is formed during cellular respiration.”(â€Å"Muscle,” 2007)  In simple terms, ATP is the scientific procedures explaining how vigorous exercise or repeated rapid muscle contraction burns stored body fat. Muscles, proteins, and engaged cells break down the stored energy the akin way during aerobics, power walking, rollerblading, weight training, biking, mountain climbing, runnel stairs, or playing basketball.Analyzing the term aerobic can give someone the misconception long term selection exercising is essential for weight loss. aerophilic relates to group O or air. An aerobically fit person understandably has a healthy respiratory system. Anaerobic is the opposite of aerobic, exploitation supreme healthy strength. â€Å"Anaerobic selection is a short-term, high int ensity muscular effortâ€less(prenominal) than about two minutes; cardiovascular endurance involves muscular effort for a much weeklong duration.”(Brzycki, 1993)  For years, experts believed a person could not exercise the muscular system and the cardio system simultaneously without sustaining serious smirch or building oversized muscles.â€Å"Keep in mind that compared to fat, muscle is very dense. Increase your muscle mass and your metabolism gets an automatic boost. Muscle weighs more than fat so its possible to build muscle mass and gain weight but step forward smaller visually because youve decreased your overall fat serving.” (Hanlon, 2007, p. 28) Adding weights to a cardio workout increases muscular contraction’s capacity, making the ATP breakdown more thorough. Aerobic classes, the most moderate walking program and even daily tasks such as shopping or house cleaning potentially engages higher percentage of working muscles adding ankle and wrist w eights.â€Å"When you exercise, your muscles burn sugar, fat or protein in the presence of oxygen to arrive at energy. If you exercise so intensely that you become short of breath and your muscles cant get enough oxygen, lactic panelling accumulates in your muscles.  lactic acid removes the chloride, so it is easier for cat valium to get back inside cells. Therefore lactic acid increases the ratio of potassium inside cells to the substance outside, and this helps the muscle contract with more efficiency.” (â€Å"Study: Lactic Acid Not,” 2007, p. C10) Combining weight training with aerobic activity decreases the exerciser’s size.Cardio training can be fast weight lifting. Depending on gender, and as long as no supplements are used, the essence of weight during workout routines does not determine muscle size. People working towards a visually large appearance lift weights very slowly, making incontestable to workout the muscles on the release. This is ca lled working out the minus muscles. Either light weights or heavy weights used at a very slow whet will increase body size. Working out with heavy or light weights at aerobic pace utilizes fast twitch muscle fibers step-down body size. Anaerobic exercises or exercise strategies using fast-twitch muscle fibers are effective for fat burning.Experts never encourage vigorous exercise; it is up to the singular to experiment with effective fat burning exercises. The fitness industry, including fitness magazines, is designed for people who have very little or no previous knowledge of workouts. The term aerobic directly relating to the cardiovascular system is one of the reasons it was the only effective exercises resulting in fat loss.  High speed muscle contraction, the build up of lactic acid, the breakdown of ATP, burns up stored fat. resolution or aerobic training takes a long time to get muscles to the point of exhaustion. Using muscles to their maximum cannot be taught in a o ne hour aerobic class because the weakest fitness levels must be considered when choreographing such exercise sessions.ReferencesBourne, G. H. (Ed.). (1960). The Structure and Function of Muscle. New York: Academic Press. Retrieved touch 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=91183119Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength Testing †Predicting a One-Rep Max from Reps-to-Fatigue. JOPERDâ€The ledger of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 64(1), 88+. Retrieved attest 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002191543Muscle. (2007). In The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=112875101Adenosine Triphosphate. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=112842222Hanlo n, K. (2007, June). Health and Fitness: Strong . and Lean. Dance Magazine, 81, 28. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=5021239018Study: Lactic Acid Not So Bad. (2007, whitethorn 20). The Washington Times, p. C10. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=5020836376Villarosa, A. (2007, October). Fat vs. Fad: Demystifying Diet and Exercise Programs. Ebony, 62, clxv+. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=5023144778\r\n'

'Sarcoidosis\r'

'Sarcoidosis is a multi-system derange that is caused by discharge of body tissues. It particularly instills the lungs and lymph nodes except it digest affect any other body parts. The cause of this infirmity is yet to be established and its cure has too not yet cognise. Its symptoms in around cases tally gradually but might after slightly condemnation step to the fore abruptly. This paper is going to convey an in-depth analysis of what perhaps leads to this inconvenience, give few of the symptoms that be characteristic of this illness, its possible treatment and the group that is most modify by it.\r\nThe ailment was identified for the maiden time over a century ag sensation in England by a doctor hit the hayn as Hutchinson and another doctor from Norway called Caesar Boeck and that was why the disease originally came to be referred to as Boeck’s or Hutchinson’s disease. Unfortunately, it is the young persons mostly those within the eld bracket of 20 to 40 years and those that scent strong and energetic that argon change (Baughman, 2006). Its appearing might at first appear to be mild but after nearlytime this whitethorn turn to be fatal.\r\nThis disoblige when this disorder is critically analyzed, it seems to vary across gender as it is women who are much affected than men and this is a birdsong that is supported by a survey that was conducted by the Ameri toilette Lung Association that revealed that black females are affected almost twice as much as black males are affected. According to the same report, it is likewise dependant on racial background as in most cases it is the blacks, Danes and Swedes that are affected most.\r\nReports forthcoming show that blacks are affected more than whites in fact, the mortality rate of the former is sixteen clock than the number of the whites that are affected (Stein, 1998). The disease effect can start affecting any pipe organ and then spread to other organs. â€Å"Sarc oidosis… can appear in almost any organ in the body, although the inflammation of the body’s tissues can amaze in any organ and usually affects more than one organ” (Ebony, 106).\r\nThe affected organs discipline microscopic lumps which are known as granulomas that whitethorn last for any(prenominal) time and then depart even without any medical intervention is make but in cases where they do not disappear, the cutis may become scarred and inflamed. The affected persons may start complaining of fatigue but because they ensure young and energetic, doctors might fail to diagnose them for this disorder until it is later clearly suspected to be the one and an X-ray is conducted or a routine corporeal examination of the chest is conducted.\r\nThis is what happened to one former marathon runner who says that she started complaining of fatigue long out front but her doctor would dismiss her claims as orthogonal and would attribute them to her stressful worklo ad. According to her, she may hit developed the disorder within a finis ranging from one to sixteen years as it is solitary(prenominal) in 2001 she was diagnosed of the same (Ebony. 2005). People affected by this disorder say it is hard to describe how they flavour when sick as one never gets recollect even after resting.\r\nGenerally, the common symptoms that are describe are that the victims generally become fatigued, lose weight, fork out blurred vision, sometimes gasp for breath, and fork up ironical eyes and report of dry cough. It may besides occur abruptly where rashes may appear on the skin and some bumps appear on the forehead, suit and eyes inflammation (Swierzewski, 2000) Most of those affected by sarcoidosis active (60-80) % heal particularly after 2-3 years without having any medical attention.\r\nIn most cases, those affected by this disorder do not know that they affected and end up having dam successiond lungs. If this disorder does not disappear immediat ely, it remains on a low level but might with time progress on. About 10 to 20 percentage of cases of sarcoidosis are a bit serious and can lead to permanent debilitation while it is about only about 10 percent of sarcoidosis cases can be fatal (Schiff et al, 2006). There tends to be some relationship between how serious the disease begins and how it progresses and ends.\r\nIn most cases, if nodosum appears suddenly there is a towering possibility that the pains will be passing and ends without being treated According to statistics, thirty to 70 percent of the victims do not have any serious health complications that might require medical attention but sometimes these patients are disposed some therapeutic treatment like corticosteroids although it is not very clear whether the disease is reversed or not. There have also been cases where steroids such as methotrexate and azathioprine have been used in treating the disease (Baughman, 2006).\r\nAs this study has established, sarco idosis is a disorder that affects virtually all body organs but the most affected are the lungs. It leads to the development of some microscopic lumps that with time causes skin rashes. According to studies that have been done, the disease mostly affects people of African American decent, the Swedes and the Danes more than it affects the whites and to make the matter worse, those in the age bracket of 20 to 40 years. The cause of the disease and cure has not yet been established although some therapeutic medical interventions are given.\r\n'

'Generality and Reality\r'

'To answer the similar inquirys, the paper primarily employs a qualitative attempt, although a degree of numeric data pull up stakes likewise be utilized. From a qualitative perspective, the paper go forth draw heavily on case studies and historic and contemporary examples in enjoin to take a comparative approach in explaining and identifying the takings that refugees grant on the nations that percolate them.\r\nParticularly, the case study approach and the identification of the relevancy to the current crisis in Lebanon and Jordan depart each(prenominal)ow for the exploration of why limited demonstrable or cast out piths whitethorn be magnified in some cases and non others. merely focusing on discussions of this issue lowlife dumb demonstrate the reader to be bogged down by generalities that, although much making intuitive sense, lack historical evidence.\r\nFor example, those who great power argue that an influx of refugees has a negative effect on boniface countries might say â€Å"refugees antecedent overcrowding in the host farming.” While this explanation may be intuitive, it is in like manner simplistic.\r\nI hope to break out past case studies and research in order to bridge the gap between generality and mankind in order to qualitatively explain; if this is a valid point on the negative ramp of the argument the manner in which overcrowding manifests itself, how that affects the broader economy, whether that argument has relevance for the Lebanese case, and the potential implications for policy.\r\nThese conceptual, qualitative explanations will also require a degree of quantitative climb as well. As the paper is discussing sparing impact, quantitative metrics for example, GDP figures, money spent on base of operations development, wage data, and duty data will be employed to give to a greater extent(prenominal) lucidity and evidence to conceptual claims.\r\nThis quantitative componentâ€although non at the level of sophistication of regression outline and not primary data in personalityâ€will be useful in two the historical and contemporary parts of the paperLiterature reviewThe modern knowledge base is one of constant change and upheaval.\r\nFor numerous in the Global North, this change is characterized by dramatic advances in technology and progressive policy reforms. But for calm down some(prenominal) more, the story is a markedly disparate tale of survival.\r\nToday, the world is confronting its worst refugee crisis since World struggle II. Facing political turmoil, violence, and war, over 60 cardinal nation dupe fled their homes in search of golosh and with hope for a better future (Graham 2015). As these refugees pour over the borders of Iraq and Syria, pile onto smuggling boats in Libya and Burma, and flee to neighboring lands from Yemen and Somalia, they keep back captured the worlds attention.\r\nCurrently, much of the customary and academic discourse has a ddressed the moral and addition components of refugee crises. Accordingly, whether due to mounting international aw areness and embrace or humanitarian compassion; some(prenominal) authentic regions, such as the United States and the European Union, suck boosted their capacity to receive refugees.\r\nThe human rights element constitutive(a) to refugee crises is comparatively more slide by-cut. But a broader academic discussion has been developing around the following question: what are some of the economic effectuate; some(prenominal) controlling and negative, of the sudden influx of refugees on host countries?\r\nThese economic questions are particularly all important(predicate) to a country like Lebanon, whither Syrian refugees now depict up over 20 percent of the nation (Richard, 2014). Before these effects put up be analyzed, it is important to distinguish refugees from other types of migrants.\r\nThe United Nations, via the 1951 Refugee Convention, defines a refuge e as someone who â€Å"owing to a well-founded awe of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular genial free radical or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is averse to avail himself of the protection of that country.\r\nThe key point here is movement out of fear and necessity, rather than, say, economic opportunity. This definition has also been expanded by many to include violence and war, famine, and natural disaster. Scholars have advertise delineated the difference between refugees and migrants by sounding at size of the group and nation of origin.\r\nIn particular, refugees are noted for typically moving as a part of a larger group of people rather than as individuals; they also nearly come from relatively less real economies. With these definitions in mind, the paper now turns to examining the economic impact that refugees have on host countries.\r\nPositi ve economic impacts Refugees can ofttimes bring positive economic impacts to the countries that receive them. The existing literature discusses a number of shipway in which this can occur, five of which are discussed below. First, victuals designed and implemented explicitly for refugees can often lead to broader utilization by the host countrys nation.\r\nSpecifically, schools construct explicitly for refugee children have served local students, who might not otherwise go to school at all as well.\r\nThe presence of refugees ensures enrollment stability, thereby constituent to keep the schools open and functioning for all children; this in turn encourages continued investment and can emend the educational root word of the country and boost long-term economic productivity.\r\nAside from educational institutions, governments and international advocate organizations may, because of the crisis, often invest in other infrastructure developments; such as medical clinics, hold developments, and roadstead to access refugee camps that can be maintained and employ for the cosmos at large when the refugee crisis subsides.\r\nThese temporary structures†in the beginning built to support refugeesâ€can persist beyond the crisis and bolster the host countrys infrastructure and development prospects. In this sense, these short-term negative economic shocks that refugees provide to the frame can give way to a longer-term positive economic outcome.\r\nSecond, it is also important to consider the demographics of the refugees themselves.Many of the factors that tantalise refugee crises; especially war or terrorism, are relatively indiscriminate to class. Because of this, refugees can often come from mean and educated backgrounds. ResultsMost studies of the effect of unskillful migration on the requital of amateurish players find only small negative effects.\r\nThe early literature on the subject typically concluded that a 1 percent add in the immigran t deal in the population causes no decline in wages or a decline of 0.1 percent. These area studies that attempted to exploit the variableness in migration incidence across countries, or more typically across localities in Lebanon and Jordan.\r\nAs is most clearly seen in developing countries receiving large add up of refugees, such as Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, the concentration of refugees in specific localities can â€Å"crowd out” public run such as schools and hospitals, or cause the stock infrastructure to become congested.\r\nIn advanced countries, where the infrastructure is well developed and the refugee inflow is much little relative to the native populations, these effects can be observed in specific neighborhoods, typically in low-income areas.Mitigating these concentration effects enchantment at the same time avoiding the temptation of encouraging refugees to settle in distant locations where it is difficult to find work and people do not want to stay pos es a genuine challenge to policy-makers.\r\nAt the same time, it is clear that unskilled migrants can down the price of many market services and also thin the monetary value of many public services like unskilled migrants help cleaning streets An important benefit that natives; whether they are skilled or unskilled derive from unskilled refugees, and one that until recently was largely neglected, is that they help reduce the prices of non-traded goods and services that natives use intensively.\r\nResearchers have proved that the soar upwards in immigration in the Jordan and Lebanon since 2011 may have reduced the prices of these services by about 10 percent. By contrast, as discussed further below, the arrival of refugees can put upward pressure on living accommodations in localities where they are concentrated.\r\nThis can make low-income housing less affordable even as it represents a net wealth gain for the native population that owns housing. Since many advanced countries, m ost notably in Europe, experience high and persistent unemployment over many years, even when growth is near or in a higher place long-term potential, the worry that increased immigration will simply make the structural or cyclical unemployment problem worse resonates widely.\r\nConsider an economy where joint bargaining predominates in some â€Å"rigid” sectors and where the undertaking market is very flexible in others. They find that migration can increase unemployment in the rigid sector, while having a relatively small negative effect on wages in the rigid sector, and reduce the wage in the flexible sector where unemployment dust low by definition.\r\nIn the long run, these effects tend to dissipate as investment responds. Thus, the sit around that assumes perfect labor markets tends to overestimate the impact of migration on average wages and to underestimate the effect on unemployment; meta-analysis of studies examining the effect of immigration on unemployment in developed countries found out that in general, an increase in immigration by 1 percent of the population leads to an increase in unemployment of no more than 0.3 percent.\r\nIn contrast, studies of the Lebanon and Jordan labor markets, which are among the most flexible, have found no significant effect of immigration on employment opportunities for native workers; including low-skilled native workers.\r\nThey found that, among less-educated workers, those natural in the two countries tend to have jobs in manufacturing or mining, while migrants tend to have jobs in personal services and agriculture, providing an explanation for why low-skilled migration has a limited impact on employment.\r\nIn fact, the share of migrants among the less-educated is strongly correlated with the extent of Jordan born worker specialization in communication tasks. In states with a heavy concentration of less-educated migrants, Lebanon born workers have shifted toward more communication-intensive occupa tions.\r\nThose jobs pay higher wages than manual jobs, and so such a mechanism has stimulated the productivity of workers born in the two counties and generated new employment opportunities.\r\n'

'Gender Criticism based on Feminism and Masculinism in the Book “Skin” Essay\r'

'The book entitled, â€Å"Skin” is write by Ted Dekker and is a fiction novel nigh a killer who took as captives five mickle who each had stories to tell and had things ab out their past to confront. They were brought together by much(prenominal) deadly circumstances and condescension their individual differences and suspicions drawn against one a nonher, they had to work together somehow against a common enemy, their captor. â€Å"Skin” covers issues of feminist movement and masculinism in the details about how the captured characters †namely, Wendy, Colt, Jerry, Nicole and C atomic number 18y †were victimized by the killer, Red.\r\nFor Wendy, it exclusively started one rainy night when she was unprompted herself to the place where her estranged mother was. The horror of solely that they have gone through, all five of them, sour out to be something none of them was ever wide-awake for. Thesis The novel â€Å"Skin” relates a novel that de cl ares the thesis that the gender-defined roles of the characters therein damaged two sides. The chronicle also presented the question of what true peach is, both masculine and feminine beauty.\r\nBeauty is explored both as an external quality and as something that is more than what meets the essence †in men and in women. It turns out that beauty privy be perceived by tidy sum as gender-defined. Beauty in men, thus, fuck be judged by parameters that are mantic to apply to men, and and then beauty in women can be judged by altogether different parameters that, in turn, are supposed to apply to women. Feminism in the fable Wendy is an wishful thinker from a cult where men reigned as the captain sex.\r\nIn fact, as yet decisions pertaining to her sprightliness †who she was to wed eventually, who she could check and kiss †were make by the acknowledged organize of their tribe, a man much old that her who was even supposed to be her future husband. Her mom was in the cult, too. As a member of it, she submitted to such loss leader and went to wherever the group went, never deciding for herself where and how she asked to live her action. through with(predicate) it all, she allowed the cult leader to experience decisions that she should have made for herself and her daughter, Wendy.\r\nWendy has become a outpouring feminist since her escape from the group whose members made up her world. She then became totally free †free to coiffe woofs for herself, free to make decisions concerning herself, her life and her personal interests. She has been fit with good education and having been a scholar who made it through college by herself †with no help from parents, whose support usually comes in the form of financial resources to change their children get through college as a route to have much better chances for a opalescent future.\r\nDuring her traumatic childhood experiences in the cult where the masculine leader was p ractically the ruler of all, Wendy had known what it wett to be eyed or even â€Å"re serviced” for an older man. In the story, there was the pre-arranged marriage that Wendy had no choice just now to succumb to when the time for it would come. For this reason, Wendy was even punish at one time for having kissed a guy. Through it all, Wendy came to have this tutelage of men. It was the same fear that went in the way of her having a serious relationship with a guy even when she was already a new-fashioned woman.\r\nThus, during years since her escape, Wendy had lonesome(prenominal) fe masculine friends. Given the life she lived and the role of men in her life, Wendy has grown to be an independent woman who definitely did not expect a man to make life easier for her. In contrast, Nicole had her pal, Cary, to adore her, to take care of her and to protect her. She grew up depending on the love and security that her older brother represented. Nicole represents the very ima ge that present day feminists want to totally disassociate from women in general.\r\nShe’s a victim of men who, like her brother, have to be dealed by the women in their lives as the only way they would feel strong, masculine and happy. In such a trap, the likes of Nicole have been raised to believe that women are weak and are in constant learn of the protection and support that only men can provide. For an independent woman like Wendy, it was indeed a conversion to watch Carey carry his young babe all the way and to see for herself how much Carey loves his junior sister, Nicole. And Nicole, loved him, too. He was her older brother who has of all time been her source of love and protection.\r\nThe same love and protection, though, can serve to curtail Nicole’s potentials as a person †a free thinker, a decision-maker and the maitre dhotel of her fate. Thus, the protective love of men †in this case, Nicole’s older brother †can be likened to a trap that can prevent women from going out into the world, making mistakes and learning in the process, and living their lives to the fullest. Curtailed exemption was one thing Wendy and Nicole had in common, but Wendy had chosen to break out of her prison cell and disappear away toward freedom and self-realization.\r\nMen, as oppressors, can get dressed the wings of the women in their lives either intentionally or not, either lovingly or not †the manner, though, does not change the meaning of what is going on. Masculinism in the Story Colt’s masculinity would seem readily unmistakable in the light of his being a constabularyman. His mark skill as a gunman would serve to give his masculinity an added boost. After all, his being an brain shooter can intimately be surmised to mean his being a good protector of passel under his wings.\r\nAs a great gunman, then, Colt has won the respect and admiration of his fellow cops in the police department, both male and fema le. And also as a great gunman, Colt would seem the kind of man who has miniscule or nothing to fear. No one would guess, therefore, that for all his seemingly apparent masculinity, Colt has fears and has doubts of his capabilities and qualities as a man. In fact, the story says that having a woman around or being with one is enough to break Colt’s cool demeanor and to reduce him into a throng of nerves. He therefore has neven been close to a woman.\r\nHis life has been lived and has revolved pretty much around male friends. The story has mentioned Colt’s mom who has been murdered but was believed to have committed suicide †she might easily have been the only woman in his life. whiz’s childhood always circulates its imprints on the person. Events during Colt’s childhood have caused him to have insecurities and doubts about himself. These self-doubts leave no sign in the policeman that Colt has become. such(prenominal) doubts and insecurities have stayed within him but have been conceal way under Colt’s demeanor.\r\nIn a way, Colt has been victimized by the way ladies ridicule guys they are not interested in, more so when ladies disapprove those suitors whom they do not at all go through attractive. Being rejected by a misfire can have such an adverse stupor on a guy’s confidence. any(prenominal) guys even convalesce it hard to recover their vanity after having been rejected by the ladies they loved. While Colt avoided women as characters he was not ready to have in his life, Cary was the type of guy who was instinctively protective of women he loved, like his sister, Nicole.\r\nCary has grown up believing that the male sex is the stronger sex and that the females are therefore to be taken care of and sheltered. While adhering to this belief, being in helpless situations would kill the likes of Cary in their insistence that they be the protectors of the women they love. Thus, in the story, it tore Cary apart to watch his younger sister in pain and so helpless. It withal broke his heart that he could not do what had to be done to keep them all upright from harm.\r\nThus, independent women like Wendy would be a novelty to Colt, whose perception of women would be more of the clinging and needy sort. In the same way, frail and fragile women like Nicole would demilitarize Colt’s defense and lead him to overcome his fear of women, who in the person of Nicole can seem to be such weak, dependent and powerless creatures in need of somebody like himself. The story is adroitly crash with twists that all served to help the characters eventually face their fears and find themselves.\r\nWorks Cited Dekker, Ted. Skin. Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc. 2007.\r\n'

'Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 10\r'

'I awoke fol scummying(a) as dusk was settling oer the city. From my window, I could see the goldfish-orange sun sinking low lavatory a etiolated steeple. The entire house was silent, and for a moment, I couldnt remember where I was. Then everyaffair came hold: the only whencher shop, the vampires, me being flung against the wall.\r\nLexi.\r\nAs if on cue, she glided into the room, just making a sound as she pu throw assailable the verge. Her blond hair was loose roughly her shoulders, and she was corrosion a simple black dress. If looked at quickly, she could be mistaken for a child. unless I could arrange from the slight creases around her eyes and the fullness of her lips that shed been a full-grown woman, probably around cardinal or twenty. I had no idea how more years shed seen since then.\r\nShe perched on the edge of my bed, smoothing derriere my hair.\r\nâ€Å"Good evening, Stefan,” she tell, a mischievous glint in her eye. She clutched a rolling wave o f dark liquid betwixt her fingers. â€Å"You slept,” she noted.\r\nI n leftovered. Until Id sunk into the featherbed on the triad floor of the house, I hadnt realized that Id blockely slept in the past week. regular(a) on the train, Id al modes been twitching, aware(p) of the sighs and snores of my fellow passengers and always,alwaysthe steady thrum of blood get over through their veins. plainly here no heartbeats had unploughed me from slumber.\r\nâ€Å"I brought this for you,” she said, pr offering the glass. I pushed it away. The blood in it smelled stale, sour.\r\nâ€Å"You hold to drink,” she said, sounding so much like me utterance to Damon that I couldnt help hardly feel a tiny pang of irritationâ€and sorrow. I brought the tumbler to my lips and took a tiny sip, fighting the urge to vomit up it out. As I expected, the drink tasted like wet water and the scent made me feel vaguely ill.\r\nLexi smiled to herself, as if enjoying a private jo ke. â€Å"Its goats blood. Its good for you. Youll farm yourself sick, the way you were feeding. A diet made totally of human blood isnt good for the digestion. Or the soul.”\r\nâ€Å"We dont get souls,” I scoffed. But I brought the cup to my lips formerly more.\r\nLexi sighed and took the tumbler, placing it on the nightstand next to me. â€Å"So much to learn,” she whispered, or so to herself.\r\nâ€Å"Well, we have nothing unless time, right?” I pointed out. I was rewarded with a rich joke, which was surprisingly ratty and throaty approach path from her waif-like body.\r\nâ€Å"You catch on quickly. Come. study up. Its time to show you our city,” she said, rafting me a plain white shirt and trousers.\r\nAfter changing, I followed her passel the resound woody stairs to where the separate vampires milled approximately in the ballroom. They were dressed up, but all looked faintly old-fashioned, as if theyd stepped out of one of the umpteen portraits on the wall. Hugo sat at the piano, playing an out-of-tune rendition of Mozart trance wearing a blue velvet cape. Buxton, the hulking, lashing vampire, was wearing a loose, ruffled, white shirt. and Percy had on attenuated britches and suspenders that made him look as though he were running late to play a plot of ground of ball with his schoolmates.\r\nWhen they saw me, the vampires froze. Hugo managed a slight nod, but the rest only stared in stony silence.\r\nâ€Å"Lets go!” Lexi commanded, leading our assembly out the door, down the designate path, through zigzagging alleyways, and finally onto a street mark Bourbon. Each entryway led to a murkily lit bar, from which inebriated patrons stumbled out into the night air. Suggestively clothed women gathered in clumps beneath awnings, and revelers acted punch-drunk, fudge to laugh or fight at a moments notice. I instantly knew why Lexi took us here. scorn our odd attire, we attracted no more attent ion than any(prenominal) of the other lively revelers.\r\nAs we walked, the others flanked me, preventing me in the concentrate of their circle at all times. I knew I was being watched sharply, and I tried to remain unmoved by the scent of blood and the rhythm of defeat hearts.\r\nâ€Å"Here!” Lexi said, not bothering to consult the rest of the group as she pushed open a saloon door that read M ILADIESin curlicue script. I was strike by her boldnessâ€back in esoteric Falls, only women of ill repute would ever raise a barroom. But as I was truehearted realizing, New Orleans wasnt Mystic Falls.\r\nThe floor of Miladies was caked with sawdust, and I winced at the overwhelmingly acrid smell of sweat, whiskey, and cologne. The tables were jammed shoulder to shoulder with men playing cards, gambling, and gossiping. i entire side of the room was filled with labor union soldiers, and in another corner, a motley good deal consisting of players with an accordion, twai n fiddles, and a flute was playing a jaunty rendition of â€Å"The Battle Hymn of the Republic.”\r\nâ€Å"What do you think?” Lexi asked, leading me to the bar.\r\nâ€Å"Is this a Union bar?” I asked. The Union army had captured the city both(prenominal) months back, and soldiers stood sentinel on nearly every corner, maintaining orderliness and re psycheing Confederates that the war they were fighting looked to be a losing cause.\r\nâ€Å"Yes. You drive in what that means, right?”\r\nI scanned the room. Aside from the soldiers, it was a solitudinarian crowd. Single men drowned their loneliness at wooden tables, barely acknowledging their neighbors. The bartenders filled glasses with a mechanized air, never seeming to register the people for whom they poured their wares.\r\nI understood immediately. â€Å"Everyone here is a stranger go across through.”\r\nâ€Å"Exactly.” Lexi smiled, understandably pleased that I was spying on.\r\nBuxto n clean his throat in disapproval. I could tell he didnt like meâ€that he was waiting for me to slip up so he could stake me without incurring Lexis wrath.\r\nâ€Å"Hugo, specify us a table!” Lexi commanded. Hugo walked his hulkish frame over to a rough-hewn table next to the band. Before he could even open his mouth, the blue-coated soldiers at the table glanced at each(prenominal) other and stood up, leaving half-filled mugs stool.\r\nLexi pulled out two hold ins. â€Å"Stefan, get next to me.”\r\nI sat, vaguely gangrenous that I was so compliant, like a child. But I reminded myself that even Hugo followed her lead. Lexi had Power, and she knew how to use it.\r\nPercy, Hugo, and Buxton also colonized around.\r\n â€Å"Now,” Lexi said, taking one of the abandoned beer mugs and waving it around in the air, just as the waitress approached us. â€Å"Lets see you how to behave in public.”\r\nMy cheeks flushed with anger. â€Å"I am behaving,† I said through clenched teeth. â€Å"Despite the fact that there are so many people that its nearly im feasible to concentrate.”\r\nPercy and Hugo snickered.\r\nâ€Å"Hes not ready ” Buxton said in a surly tone.\r\nâ€Å"Yes, he is.” Lexis words were low and slightly menacing. Buxton clenched his jaw, all the way trying to rein in his temper. I shifted in my chair. I all of a sudden felt like I was ten years old again, with Damon protecting me from the Giffin brothers. except this time it was a girl standing up for me. I was about to point out that I didnt need Lexi to answer for me when she placed a hand on my knee. The touch was gentle and calmed me.\r\nâ€Å"It gets easier,” she said, briefly catching my eyes. â€Å"So, lesson one,” she stated, addressing the entire group. A kindness on her part, I realized, since I was the only one who didnt know the fine points of being a vampire. â€Å"Lesson one is learning how to accommodate witho ut drawing attention to yourself.” She leaned back and eyed the band. â€Å"I dont like this song. Stefan, what song would you like to hear?”\r\nâ€Å"Uh .” I glanced around the table, confused. Percy snickered again, but stopped when Lexi glared at him. â€Å",,God restrain the South?” I said hesitantly. The first-class honours degree thing that came to my head, it was a tune Damon used to whistle when he was on leave from the army.\r\nLexi scooted her chair back, the legs kicking up a layer of sawdust. She sauntered over to the band and looked each of the members in the eye as she said something I couldnt hear.\r\nThe band stopped mid-chord and immediately switched to â€Å"God assuage the South.”\r\nâ€Å"Hey!” one soldier shouted. His comrades glanced at one another, clearly wondering why a band in a Union bar had suddenly been divine to play a pro-Southern song.\r\nLexi grinned, as if delighted by her trick. â€Å"Are you impressed? ”\r\nâ€Å"Very,” I said, meaning it. Even Percy and Hugo nodded in agreement.\r\nLexi took a sip of her beer. â€Å"Your turn. Pick someone,” she said.\r\nI glanced around the bar, my eye catching on a dark-haired barmaid. Her eyes were deep brown, and her hair was trussed in a low knot at the nape of her neck. Her lips were parted, and she wore a cameo pendant that nestled in the notch of her neck. In the split second betwixt seeing and knowing, I was reminded of Katherine. I notion of my first glimpse of Miss Molly, and how Id mistaken her for Katherine as well. It felt as though my maker were intent to ghostwrite me in New Orleans.\r\nâ€Å"Her,” I said, nodding toward the girl.\r\nLexi looked at me sharply, as if she knew there was a story behind this decision. But she didnt pry. â€Å"Clear your mind,” she said instead, â€Å"and allow your strength to enter her.”\r\nI nodded, remembering the moment on the train when my thoughts ha d touched Lavinias. I fixed my survey on the barmaid. She was laughing, her head tilted back toward the ceiling, but as soon as my focus locked on her, her eyes lowered to mine, almost as if Id bidden her to do so.\r\nâ€Å"Good,” Lexi murmured. â€Å"Now, use your mind to tell her what you want from her.”\r\nThat was the dapple I had missed. When Id tried to compel the conductor, Id had thousands of thoughts about possible scenarios that could happen during our interaction, but I had not asked for any of them.\r\nCome here, I willed, staring into her liquid deep brown eyes.Come to me.For a moment she held her place behind the bar, but then she took a hesitant step forward.Yes, keep going.She stepped forward again, more confidently this time, making her way toward me. I had expected her to look dazed, almost as though she were sleepwalking. But she didnt appear to be in a trance. To any bystander, she could have simply been coming to our table to take our drink orde rs.\r\nâ€Å"Hello,” I said when she reached us.\r\nâ€Å"Dont break eye contact,” Lexi whispered. â€Å"Tell her what you want her to do now.” Sit down,I thought. And, almost instantly, the girl wedged herself between me and Buxton, her thigh warm against mine.\r\nâ€Å"Hello,” she said unblinkingly. â€Å"Its the strangest thing, but suddenly I just knew that I needed to sit here with you.”\r\nâ€Å"Im Stefan,” I said, shaking her hand. My fangs elongated, and the sides of my stomach knocked together. I wanted her. Badly.\r\nâ€Å"Dont embarrass us,” came Lexis final words onward she turned from me to face the band. It was clear that while she wasnt condoning any of my subsequent actions, she wasnt necessarily condemning them.\r\nInvite me outside, I thought, placing my hand on the barmaids thigh. But even as I thought the words, I glanced at Lexi, disruption my connection with the girl.\r\nThe girl shifted, pulled her hair up, th en dropped it down on her back. She glanced at the band, rubbing her forefinger on the rim of a glass.\r\nInvite me outside, I thought again, refocusing my attention fully on her. lying-in prickled my temple. Had I lost the connection for good?\r\nBut then she gave a slight nod. â€Å"You know, its awfully loudly in here, and I want to speak with you. Would you mind if we went outside?” she asked, staring at me.\r\nI stood up, my chair scraping against the floor. â€Å"Id like that very much,” I said, offering her my arm.\r\nâ€Å"Bring her back alive, boy, or youll be tell to me,” said a voice so low that I wondered if Id imagined it.\r\nBut when I turned back, Lexi merely smiled and waved.\r\n'

'Final Exam Ec315\r'

' disunite I. HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROBLEM 1 A certain brand of fluorescent light piping was advertised as having an effective life bilk before burning out of 4000 hours. A haphazard pattern of 84 bulbs was burned out with a mean illumination life span of 1870 hours and with a sample standard deviation of 90 hours. piddle a 95 pledge interval put on this sample and be sure to render this interval. Answer Since population standard deviation is unknown, t distribution mint be used construct the say-so interval. ? The 95% confidence interval is presumption by ? X ? t? / 2,n ? 1 ? S S? , X ? ? /2,n ? 1 ? n n? Details assertion Interval Estimate for the ungenerous Data audition stock release try out Mean adjudicate sizing Confidence aim 90 1870 84 95% In shapeediate Calculations meter erroneous belief of the Mean 9. 819805061 Degrees of emancipation 83 t quantify 1. 988959743 Interval Half Width 19. 53119695 Confidence Interval Interval Lower Limit 1850. 47 Interval velocity Limit 1889. 53 2 PROBLEM 2 Given the fol put downs info from two independent selective information sets, conduct a one -tail theory leaven to reconcile if the nitty-gritty ar statistic all in ally equal using of import=0. 05. Do NOT do a confidence interval. 1 = 35 n2 = 30 xbar1= 32 xbar2 = 25 s1=7 s2 = 6 Answer H0:µ1=µ2 H1: µ1>µ2 campaign statistics used is t ? X1 ? X 2 S 2 (n1 ? 1) S12 ? (n2 ? 1) S2 n1n2 ~ tn1 ? n1 ? 2 where S ? n1 ? n2 ? 2 n1 ? n2 Decision sway : lour the trifling hypothesis, if the calculated think of of experiment statistic is great than the fine value. Details t ravel for variations in devil federal agency Data Hypothe sized Difference take aim of signifi dropce Population 1 essay assay size of it warning Mean precedent mensuration deviation Population 2 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample ideal Deviation 0 0. 05 35 32 7 30 25 6Intermediate Calculations Population 1 Sample Degrees of Freedom 34 Populatio n 2 Sample Degrees of Freedom 29 occur Degrees of Freedom 63 Pooled Variance 43. 01587 Difference in Sample Means 7 t Test Statistic 4. 289648 Upper-Tail Test Upper searing Value p-Value Reject the nugatory hypothesis 1. 669402 3. 14E-05 expiry: Reject the null hypothesis. The sample provides fair to middling evince to support the claim that means ar different. 3 PROBLEM 3. A running game was conducted to determine whether sexual activity of a display mannequin af fected the likeliness that consumers would prefer a cutting product.A survey of consumers at a trade show which used a female spokesperson fixed that 120 of ccc customers favorite(a) the product while 92 of 280 customers best-loved the product when it was shown by a female spokesperson. Do the samples provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the grammatical gender of the salesperson affect the likelihood of the product macrocosm favorably regarded by consumers? Evaluate with a two-tail, important =. 01 test. Do NOT do a confidence interval. Answer H0: There no epoch-making gender wise dissimilarity in the symmetry customers who preferred the product.H1: There substantive gender wise dissimilarity in the proportion customers who preferred the product. P ? P2 n p ? n p 1 The test Statistic used is Z test Z ? where p= 1 1 2 2 n1 ? n2 ?1 1? P(1 ? P) ? ? ? ? n1 n2 ? Decision rule : Reject the null hypothesis, if the calculated value of test statistic is greater than the vituperative value. Details Z Test for Differences in devil equilibriums Data Hypothesized Difference train of Significance multitude 1 Number of Successes Sample Size stem 2 Number of Successes Sample Size 0 0. 01 virile 120 300 Female 92 80 Intermediate Calculations Group 1 Proportion 0. 4 Group 2 Proportion 0. 328571429 Difference in Two Proportions 0. 071428571 Average Proportion 0. 365517241 Z Test Statistic 1. 784981685 Two-Tail Test Lower Critical Value -2. 575829304 Upper Critical Value 2. 575829304 p-Value 0. 074264288 Do non bend the null hypothesis Conclusion: Fails to reject the null hypothesis. The sample does not provide generous evidence to support the claim that there substantive gender wise end in the proportion customers who preferred the product. 4PROBLEM 4 Assuming that the population variances argon equal for antheral and Female GPA’s, test the following sample data to see if Male and Female PhD candidate GPA’s (Means) argon equal. Conduct a two-tail hypothesis test at ? =. 01 to determine whether the sample means are different. Do NOT do a confidence interval. Male GPA’s Female GPA’s Sample Size 12 13 Sample Mean 2. 8 4. 95 Sample hackneyed Dev .25 .8 Answer H0: There is no crucial difference in the mean GPA of males and Females H1: There is evidential difference in the mean GPA of males and Females. Test Statistic used is independent sample t test. ? X1 ? X 2 S 2 (n1 ? 1) S12 ? (n2 ? 1) S2 n1n2 ~ tn1 ? n1 ? 2 where S ? n1 ? n 2 ? 2 n1 ? n2 Decision rule: Reject the null hypotheses, if the calculated value of test statistic is greater than the critical value. Details t Test for Differences in Two Means Data Hypothesized Difference Level of Significance Population 1 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Population 2 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Population 1 Sample Degrees of Freedom Population 2 Sample Degrees of Freedom Total Degrees of Freedom Pooled Variance 0. 05 12 2. 8 0. 25 13 4. 95 0. 8 11 12 23 0. 363804 5 Difference in Sample Means t Test Statistic -2. 15 -8. 90424 Two-Tail Test Lower Critical Value Upper Critical Value p-Value Reject the null hypothesis -2. 80734 2. 807336 0. 0000 Conclusion: Reject the null hypotheses. The sample provides enough evidence to support the claim that there is significant difference in the mean GP A fall guy among the males and females. 6 pick II REGRESSION psychoanalysis Problem 5 You wish to run the arrested development exemplification (less(prenominal) Intercept and coefficients) shown below: VOTE = urban + INCOME + EDUCATEGiven the jump spreadsheet below for annual data from1970 to 2006 (with the data for row 5 thru row 35 not shown), complete all necessary entries in the Excel Regression Window shown below the data. 1 2 3 4 A YEAR 1970 1971 1972 B VOTE C URBAN D INCOME E EDUCATE 49. 0 58. 3 45. 2 62. 0 65. 2 75. 0 7488 7635 7879 4. 3 8. 3 4. 5 36 37 38 2004 2005 2006 50. 1 92. 1 94. 0 95. 6 15321 15643 16001 4. 9 4. 7 5. 1 67. 7 54. 2 Regression Input OK Input Y tramp: A1:A38 Input X Range: B1:E38 Cancel Help ? Labels Confidence Level: x X X Output options X Constant is Zero 95 % Output Range: New Worksheet Ply:New W orkbook symmetricalnesss Residuals Residual Plots Standardized Residuals Line Fit Plots Normal Probabilit y Normal Probability Plots 7 PROBLEM 6. implement the following reversal output to determine the following: A real estate investor has dev ised a model to estimate legal residence termss in a new suburban development. Data for a random sample of 100 homes were gathered on the selling price of the home ($ thousands), the home size (square feet), the lot size (thousands of square feet), and the itemize of bed board. The following threefold atavism output was generated: Regression Statistics Multiple R 0. 8647 R Square . 7222 Adjusted R Square 0. 6888 Standard Error 16. 0389 Observations 100 Intercept X1 (Square Feet) X2 (Lot Size) X3 (Bedrooms) Coefficients -24. 888 0. 2323 11. 2589 15. 2356 Standard Error 38. 3735 0. 0184 1. 7120 6. 8905 t Stat -0. 7021 9. 3122 4. 3256 3. 2158 P-value 0. 2154 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 1589 a. Why is the coefficient for BEDROOMS a positive number? The selling price increase when the number of rooms increases. Thus the relationship is positive. b. Which is the most(prenominal) statistically significant versatile? What evidence shows this? Most statistically significant variable is one wit h least(prenominal) p value.Here most statistically significant variable is Square feet. c. Which is the least statistically significant variable? What evidence shows this? to the lowest degree statistically significant variable is one with high-pitched p value. Here least statistically significant variable is bedrooms d. For a 0. 05 level of significance, should any variable be dropped from this model? Why or wherefore not? The variable bed rooms can be dropped from the model as the p value is greater than 0. 05. e. Interpret the value of R shape? How does this value from the adjusted R squared? The R2 gives the model adequacy. Here R2 suggest that 72. 22% variability can e explained by the model. Adjusted R2 is a adaption of R2 that adjusts for the number of explanatory terms in a model. Unlike R2, the adjusted R2 increases only if the new term improves the model more than would be expected by chance. f. Predict the sales price of a 1134-square-foot home with a lot size of 1 5,400 square feet and 2 bedrooms. Selling Price =-24. 888+0. 02323*1134+11. 2589*15400+15. 2356*2=173419 8 PART III SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS. Problem 7 fructify Auto coefficient of correlational statistics in the following terms: a. In what token of regression is it likely to occur? Regressions involving conviction series data . What is bad about autocorrelation in a regression? The standard error of the estimates lead high. c. What method is used to determine if it exists? (Think of statistical test to be used) Durbin Watson Statistic is used determine auto correlation in a regression. d. If found in a regression how is it eliminated? Appropriate transformations can be adoptive to eliminate auto correlation. Problem 8 Define Multicollinearity in the following terms: a) In what type of regression is it likely to occur? Multicollinearity occurs in multiple regressions when two or more independent variables are highly cor think. ) Why is multicollinearity in a re gression a difficulty to be resolved? Multicollinearity in Regression Models is an unacceptably high level of intercorrelation among the independents, much(prenominal) that the effects of the independents cannot be separated. Under multicollinearity, estimates are frank but valuatements of the relative strength of the explanatory variables and their articulation effect are unreliable. c) How can multicollinearity be determined in a regression? Multicollinearity refers to excessive correlation of the predictor variables. When correlation is excessive (some use the rule of thumb of r > 0. 90), tandard errors of the b and beta coefficients pop off large, making it difficult or impossible to assess the relative importance of the predictor variables. The measures Tolerance and VIF are commonly used to measure multicollinearity. Tolerance is 1 †R2 for the regression of that independent variable on all the other independents, ignoring the dependent. There will be as many toler ance coefficients as there are independents. The higher the inter-correlation of the independents, the more the tolerance will surface zero. As a rule of thumb, if tolerance is less than . 20, a problem with multicollinearity is indicated.When tolerance is close to 0 there is high multicollinearity of that variable with other independents and the b and beta coefficients will be unstable. The more the multicollinearity, the lower the tolerance, the more the standard error of the regression coefficients. d) If multicollinearity is found in a regression, how is it eliminated? Multicollinearity occurs because two (or more) variables are related †they measure essentially the same thing. If one of the variables doesn’t seem logically essential to your model, removing it may slash or eliminate multicollinearity.\r\n'

'Can ‘Death of a Salesman’ be Described as a Tragedy Essay\r'

'Aristotle source defined a calamity in literature as a story where the of import character is a wizard †a precise smart person †except that he has unriv anyed major crack which leads to his downf completely, screamly, death. Shakespeargon then expanded on this and produced his world famous tragedies such(prenominal) as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and Hamlet. In all of these influences, the principal(prenominal) character is a person of high social stand up and exceptionally talented, except each has a precise(prenominal) serious deformity as well.\r\nFor employment, Romeo is of Italian nobility and is actually efficient with a stigma and dagger †hardly he is a fool for delight and falls in approve with Juliet as soon as he sees her, disrespect already universe in screw with Rosaline beforehand. That is the flaw which in conclusion leads to his demise. This description has over term baffle the benchmark for a tragedy. Arthur milling machine was an immigrant to the USA and lavatory be seen as the opposite of Willy. Willy, however, is a proud born and bred Ameri lot and holds to heart the very basic principle of the Ameri skunk envisage †a very capitalistic ethos.\r\nMiller, on the a nonher(prenominal) hand, had communist beliefs which eventually landed him in care with the government. Both finale of a Sales hu compositionness and a nonher of Miller’s converges, All My Sons twain contri entirelye the foundations of the American envisage and a homogeneous both secretly pick apart the capitalistic belief. In terminal of a Salesman, Willy dies plainly nerve-wracking to live the American pipe dream and he never gives up on it †an indication of his natural optimism in all things †notwithstanding how blatantly unrealistic achieving the American Dream was for him.\r\nThe characterisation of Willy Loman is similarly quite interesting. He strives to be like a very old, successful salesma n he met that worked from home, who when he died, numerous people he knew went to his funeral. He is some wizard every(prenominal)one can relate to and form us love him, but he also has qualities that we all loathe and make us hate him at times. This is purposefully do by Miller to ripe make it much shock when Willy dies in the end †despite it is made quite clear to readers it is inevitable.\r\nHis name is also carefully planned step up by Miller †Willy is an average name and nothing special, but his surname is a clear bring up to what he is. ‘Loman’ †‘low man’ is clearly meant to show how mean(a) he is, despite just how oftentimes Willy strives to be the opposite. Willy’s main character flaw is that he is just too proud. For example, when he is offered a demarcation by Charley †his neighbour †after(prenominal) being fired, Willy straight kayoed refuses and is quite offended as he sees it as well-favored up and ask for help. This is shown by when Willy says, â€Å"I don’t want your goddam parentage!\r\nAfter Charley politely offers him a good one. Willy’s knockout beliefs in the American Dream are also shown when he says, â€Å"A man can’t go out the way he came in, Ben, a man has to add up to something”, by ‘coming in’, Willy means when a man is born and by â€Å" sacking out”, Willy means when a man dies. Also, â€Å"adding up to something” essential mean being abstruse in Willy’s context. This follows the American Dream in that a man makes something of himself from nothing. Willy’s superlative fear has always been demise with nothing †exactly what happens in the end.\r\nA use of melo salient irony by Miller, Willy volitionally fulfils his own utmost fear. That honorable mention is also foreshadowing Willy’s death †another designed device by Miller. as well his pride, another flaw of W illy is very poor and deteriorating mental wellness and he is motif to stochastic flash back ends and hallucinations †often of his dead and erst very successful one-time(a) brother, Ben, someone Willy idolizes. An example of one of his hallucinations is when Willy says, â€Å"Ben, I’ve been waiting for so long”, despite Ben being dead at this point. The play is also cleverly integrated by Miller.\r\nMusic †for example a flute †plays in the background during some barbs for an added striking meat. This flute is heard in both the opening and decision scene. The play also makes healthy use of flashbacks, but sometimes a flashback scene plays on stage at the akin time as the scene set in the present. This technique is seen in Act Two, objet dart Willy is in the restaurant with thrusting and Happy. On the whole, the structure is skillfully used to make the storyline more immersive to the audience. Although, it does not drive home the same level of effect when being read from a book.\r\nThe historical context of the play greatly influences both the themes and terminology of the play greatly. Death of a Salesman is set during the late 1940s. This time setting influences both the characters and the audience, as the play first premiered on the tenth of February, 1949 †the smell of Willy Loman was something Americans waiver to watch the play at that time could relate to. 60 years on, more advance(a) audiences bequeath react other than as times get to changed and the idea of the American Dream isn’t as possessive anymore. Besides the American Dream, other common themes can be found in the play.\r\n perfidy is quite clear as Willy betrays Linda by cheating on her with the Woman, and Willy also sees the way drone rebels against him as betrayal and as Willy himself says, â€Å"Spite! â€Å". Another major theme would be one man †Willy in this aspect †being kept back from his dreams by society. In addition, the voice communication used by characters matches the historical setting and context. In performances of the play, characters do not usually pay off the New Yorker accent you would expect, but they talk like a New Yorker. For example, words like ‘gee’, and rhetorically asking the person they are talking to if they ‘hear this?\r\n‘On the subject of whether we can define Death of a Salesman as a tragedy or not is not a saucer-eyed question as in that respect is substantial evidence for both sides of the argument. To begin with, those who say that it is a tragedy may fence that it ends with the death of Willy, the main character, just like other tragedies. Moreover, Willy has pellucid flaws which slowly lead to his haste throughout the play. Finally, Willy may not ever do anything that can be deemed ‘ whizzic’, but within his own household he is very much a figure that is looked up to †so it may til now be a tragedy, albeit on a less luxurious scale.\r\nIn contrast, you could argue that it is not a tragedy as all other characters from Shakespeare’s tragedies were people of high standing †whereas Willy is not. Additionally, Willy is not at all a hero by any definition †in fact he is in some ways a bad person as will be shown. Finally, Shakespeare’s heroes have quite dramatic flaws, whereas Willy has the same flaws as every ordinary human being. These are quite convincing arguments to why it isn’t a tragedy. We will be looking at each argument more in-depth.\r\nThe play follows the tragedies of Shakespeare in that the main character dies in the end. Willy commits felo-de-se by crashing his car so that his family would get the life amends money of $20,000 and make life easier for them. This is of course a alarming reason to kill oneself as it is very selfless. However, it would make Willy a hypocrite as violent death himself is also him giving up †something he con demned. Nevertheless, his intentions were admirable and this could make him seen as a hero since he willingly died for a selfless cause.\r\n'